Low Back Segmental Stiffness
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Most of us start off with a beautifully mobile and smooth running back and rarely are we stiff backed unless there is a reason for it. The back is well evolved to do the job it has to do and does this mostly very well. Spinal bones are separated from the vertebrae by discs which are thicker in areas of greater mobility and greater load, allowing more movement. Facet joints at the back of the spine limit and control spinal motion, stopping inappropriate spinal displacement in response to the loads placed on the spine. Muscles are strong, in balance and working in harmony to achieve the movement and stability required.
An acute episode of low back pain inhibits the core stabilising muscles from working well and can cause wasting of them with time. Segmental loss of stability control can make the occurrence of further low back pain episodes at the same level more likely. As time and injuries change the spine, degenerative changes can occur in the facet joints and discs, leading to segmental stiffness and chronic back pain. The force of gravity pushes fluid from the discs by compression and is opposed by a chemical absorption of fluid which is more powerful in lying.
As compression forces tend to be more powerful as time goes on, dehydration of the disc occurs to some extent as it narrows and stiffens. This can be imaged on x-ray but the disc is likely to show changes and painful problems long before the results can be seen on x-ray. A segment is defined as two adjacent vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc, an altered disc contributing to an abnormal segment which moves abnormally and pushes abnormal loads onto tissues where they are not designed to take them. Physiotherapists can feel the restrictions in spinal movements which occur when a stiff segment limits segmental excursion.
Muscle spasms are a typical reaction to an acute injury and has a protective function, stopping the damaged segment from moving while it is so inflamed and thereby giving it some freedom to heal. As the pain settles and the injury heals the back spasms should gradually settle and allow normal movement to be restored. Unfortunately this does not always happen, with some muscles remaining over protective and eventually forming a contracture, an abnormally shortened tissue structure which maintains an abnormal joint position.
Sitting for extended periods can increase the likelihood of suffering from increased compression of the lumbar discs with consequent fluid loss. Repeated flexion maintains the regular cycle of fluid uptake and avoidance of this movement interferes with this important process for disc health. The maintenance of abnormal posture and lack of strength in the abdominal muscles are also important factors.
A typical history is to have an episode of severe low back pain which gradually develops into a segmental stiffness problem. The stiff areas may be present asymptomatically for many years in many individual areas of the spine before one of them develops into a painful segment which causes restriction. Sitting for a long time or spending time bent into flexion will tend to aggravate this condition once established as joints are moved beyond their comfortable limits. The lumbar facet joints become fixed into extension and the whole segment suffers from adaptive shortening, forfeiting its ability to move normally. I have back problems very like this and it can be quite difficult, forcing me to limit heavy or repetitive work or any significant time in flexion.
Sarah Key, a physiotherapist who is well known in the UK, has produced the Sarah Key's Back Sufferers Bible, a book in which she sets out her views of what is going on in this most common of musculoskeletal syndromes. She does acknowledge that it is hard to bring solid evidence for many of her interpretations but seems to have many good and practical therapy ideas to approach the back pain problem with. She covers the main syndromes which typically occur, giving treatment routines for self management of each one, all of which I have found very useful for my own lower back pain. Now I have something I can do about it rather than accept it as a fact of life.
Article Source: Articlelogy.com
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